基于适宜性分析的黄河首曲地区生态旅游功能区划研究

黄河首曲地区具有突出的生态功能和较高的旅游价值,研究选取距水域湿地距离、草地覆盖情况、森林覆盖情况、海拔高度、坡度和偏远程度6个表征地区自然性的标准,采用GIS技术与层次分析法相结合的方法对黄河首曲地区生态旅游适宜性进行了分析,并结合首曲自然保护区要求对研究区进行了旅游功能区划。研究区生态旅游适宜性可划分为五级,Ⅰ级适宜度最低,适合开发一般的生态旅游或大众旅游,V级地区适宜度最高,原生态景观价值突出,但环境敏感性也高,宜发展严格生态旅游,以最大化保护生态环境。出于协调旅游功能与生态功能的统一以实现地区生态景观可持续利用的目的,研究区被划分为3类功能区、8类功能亚区,且均具有各自特殊的主导和辅助服务功能。研究最后根据各功能区、亚区的特殊服务功能提出了相应的调控措施,以促进生态旅游的合理性规划及未来可持续发展。     

黄河中游绿水系数变化及其生态环境意义

绿水和蓝水的概念和理论对于半干旱、半湿润区水资源的评价和管理有重要意义。引入流域尺度上绿水系数指标,定义为某一流域内由降水到绿水的转换系数。研究发现,1950—2011年间,黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间(河龙区间)的绿水系数呈现增大的趋势。除了气温、降水的影响外,水土保持是一个重要因素。水土保持措施减少了降雨到径流(蓝水)的转化率,增大了降雨到绿水的转化率。绿水系数的增大意味着坡面径流减弱和河流径流的减弱,从而减少了坡面侵蚀和流域产沙。同时,绿水系数的增大意味着植被蒸腾作用的增强,说明植被对地表的保护作用增强,这也会导致坡面侵蚀的减弱。河龙区间产沙量与流域绿水系数之间呈显著的负相关关系,产沙量变化的53.7%可以用流域绿水系数的变化来解释。水土保持实施后,梯田和坝地使得生产性绿水系数增大,从而增加了粮食产量。梯田、坝地面积与绿水系数和粮食产量之间都存在着显著的正相关关系,粮食产量与绿水系数之间也存在显著的正相关关系。绿水系数具有流域生态环境质量变化的指示意义,在年降水可比的情况下,流域绿水系数的减小意味着集水区生态环境环境质量降低,流域绿水系数的增大意味着集水区生态环境质量提高。依照绿水系数的变化,可以将近60余年来河龙区间生态环境的变化过程划分为3个阶段。     

拉萨河流域耕地不同尺度土壤水分影响因子

土壤水分影响因子的尺度差异及作用是其尺度依赖性研究的基础.本文以青藏高原拉萨河流域耕地土壤为对象,通过遥感影像分析和野外调查,在全流域和小流域尺度上分别布设样点115和49个,采用土钻法分3层（0～20、20～40、40～60 cm）抽取土壤样本,获取土壤水分含量,然后运用生态学冗余分析和统计分析,筛选出影响耕地土壤水分的主要因子.结果表明： 在全流域尺度,受气候、海拔影响,土壤水分呈西南 东北递增趋势,其中,河谷区耕地受河流侧渗补给影响,下层土壤水分高于上层;在小流域尺度,耕地土壤水分随海拔升高及坡度增大而减少,土壤贮水能力随石砾含量增多而减弱.研究结果为拉萨河流域耕地向高海拔扩张、作物结构调整、土地整理及灌溉设施布设提供了重要依据.     

基于马尔科夫链模型的长江源区土地覆盖格局变化特征

利用长江源区1986、2000与2014年3期的遥感影像,结合实地野外考察获得该地区在这3个时间点的土地覆盖类型图。根据各时期之间的土地覆盖格局的变化确定土地类型之间的转移概率,进一步完成对该地区马尔科夫链模型的构建、检验与预测。结果表明:1986—2014年,长江源区的土地覆盖格局的变化特征符合马尔科夫过程,通过马尔科夫链模型能够对该地区的覆盖格局变化过程进行有效的模拟;长江源区的土地覆被退化趋势明显,湿地、中高覆盖草地等面积不断下降,裸地、沙地以及低覆盖草地等面积则一直在增加;2000年以后,由于三江源区自然保护区的建立以及降水量的增加等因素影响,长江源区的植被退化状况得到明显改善。     

黄河口邻近海域生态系统能量流动与三疣梭子蟹增殖容量估算

增殖放流是渔业资源养护的重要手段, 生态系统与放流种类能流格局的变化研究,是进行增殖容量评估的研究基础.根据2012和2013年黄河口邻近海域的资源调查数据,构建了黄河口邻近海域6、8、10月的Ecopath模型,比较分析了3个月份该海域生态系统能量流动的变化,初步评估了三疣梭子蟹的增殖容量.结果表明： 黄河口邻近海域生态系统的能量流动主要在营养级I～III之间进行,营养级IV以及以上的能量流动较小.6月第I营养级整合系统流动的比例最高,8月最低.第II营养级整合系统流动的比例8月最高,6月最低.三疣梭子蟹相对能量流动和绝对能量流动均是第III营养级最高,三疣梭子蟹的营养级3月平均为3.28.黄河口邻近海域生态系统有较高的剩余生产量,6月最高、8月最低,系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR) 3个月份分别为5.49、2.47、3.01,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B)分别为47.61、33.30、29.78,同时具有较低的循环指数(FCI：0.03～0.06),黄河口邻近海域生态系统处于脆弱的不稳定期.系统的能量转换效率为7.3%～11.5%;渔获物的平均营养级8月和10月有所下降,3个月份分别为3.23、2.97和2.82;总捕捞效率8月最高,6月最低.在黄河口邻近海域8月Ecopath模型基础上,初步评估三疣梭子蟹的增殖容量为1.5115 t·km^-2.     

Variation in habitat use along the freshwater–marine continuum by grey mullet Mugil cephalus at the southern limits of its distribution

In this study, habitat use by Mugil cephalus was investigated in the waters of the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand by analysing microchemical composition of otoliths (laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) obtained from individuals from commercial fish stocks and research surveys. Results of this study show that M. cephalus at the southern limits of its distribution display highly flexible migratory behaviour with extensive use of freshwater and brackish habitats, potentially enabling them to maximize foraging opportunities. Mugil cephalus can tolerate a wide range of salinities and can therefore utilize higher productivity areas, such as estuaries and eutrophic riverine lakes. Finally, M. cephalus populations across a range of climates and latitudes appear to differ in the extent to which they utilize freshwater and brackish habitats, possibly with increasing penetration of fresh waters with increasing latitude.     

Isolation and characterization of 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the migratory freshwater fish Leporinus obtusidens (Characiformes: Anostomidae) using 454 shotgun pyrosequencing

Twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the Neotropical fish Leporinus obtusidens using a next generation sequencing approach and tested in two other characifomes species, Schizodon platae and Prochilodus lineatus. Microsatellite loci alleles in L. obtusidens ranged between 2 and 20 alleles per locus (mean = 5·7), with expected heterozygosity values ranging from 0·097 to 0·956 (mean = 0·578) and observed heterozygosity values ranging from 0·000 to 0·800 (mean = 0·400) in a sample of 20 specimens from the lower Paraná River (Argentina). Most of these markers will be a valuable tool for captive breeding and stocking programmes, as well as for analyses of population connectivity and genetic structure in this broadly distributed Neotropical migratory fish.     

侧条光唇鱼两邻近地理种群的繁殖生物学特征的差异

2007年7月至2009年6月间,分别于北江中上游及流溪河上游支流采集侧条光唇鱼样本358尾及522尾,对两种群的繁殖生物学特征的差异进行了研究。研究结果显示,两种群雌鱼及雄鱼的最小性成熟年龄均为1 龄,北江种群雌性由1 ~5 龄组成,雄性由1 ~4 组成,性比为雌性：雄性=1:1.73;而流溪河种群雌性由1 ~4 龄组成,雄性由1 ~3 组成,性比为雌性：雄性=1:1.40。北江种群繁殖群体的各年龄组体长及体重均较显著大于流溪河种群。北江种群的繁殖期约为2~10月份,高峰期为3~7月份;而流溪河种群繁殖期为2~8月份,高峰期约为每年的5~7月份;繁殖期内,北江种群雌性及雄性的成熟系数均高于流溪河种群。北江种群各年龄组或体长组的绝对生殖力、体长相对生殖力与体重相对生殖力均极显著地大于流溪河种群。本文结合北江和流溪河在营养状况、捕捞压力及溪流级别上的差异对研究结果进行了分析和讨论。     

Yangtze finless porpoises along the main channel of Poyang Lake,China: Implications for conservation

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and flows into the Yangtze River. It is a traditional habitat for the endangered Yangtze finless porpoise, which has not been well investigated. To reveal the distribution of the porpoise in Poyang Lake, 12 passive acoustic surveys were conducted along 123 km of the main channel of the lake during different seasons (spring transition season, wet season, autumn transition season, and dry season) from 2008 to 2012. We counted the number of phonating porpoises encountered and calculated the detection rate (encountered individuals detected per kilometer). The median porpoise detection rates ranged from 0 to 0.65 individuals per kilometer during the different surveys. The highest median detection rate of 0.50 was detected in the autumn transition season. The seasonal shrinking of the lake during the dry season may cause a concentration of porpoises in the narrow channels and a high incidence of collisions with cargo ships and fishing boats. Conservation actions should be focused on the main channel of the lake during the dry and transition seasons. In addition, the expansion of the existing reserve to include areas with high porpoise detection rates is necessary.     

Evolutionary dynamics of ecological niche in three Rhinogobio fishes from the upper Yangtze River inferred from morphological traits

In the past decades, it has been debated whether ecological niche should be conserved among closely related species (phylogenetic niche conservatism, PNC) or largely divergent (traditional ecological niche theory and ecological speciation) and whether niche specialist and generalist might remain in equilibrium or niche generalist could not appear. In this study, we employed morphological traits to describe ecological niche and test whether different niche dimensions exhibit disparate evolutionary patterns. We conducted our analysis on three Rhinogobio fish species (R. typus, R. cylindricus, and R. ventralis) from the upper Yangtze River, China. Among the 32 measured morphological traits except body length, PCA extracted the first four principal components with their loading scores >1.000. To find the PNC among species, Mantel tests were conducted with the Euclidean distances calculated from the four principal components (representing different niche dimensions) against the pairwise distances calculated from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variations. The results showed that the second and the third niche dimension, both related to swimming ability and behavior, exhibited phylogenetic conservatism. Further comparison on niche breadth among these three species revealed that the fourth dimension of R. typus showed the greatest width, indicating that this dimension exhibited niche generalism. In conclusion, our results suggested that different niche dimensions could show different evolutionary dynamic patterns: they may exhibit PNC or not, and some dimensions may evolve generalism.